Chapter 05
Transport and delivery
45 terms
Practice by level
Terms
01Outbound transportVận chuyển đầu ra
Definition
Everything involved in moving finished goods from the dispatch doors to the customer receiving point.
Examples
- The warehouse ships 372 pallets a day as 14 full truckloads of 20 pallets and 8 shared loads carrying 92 pallets.
- Outbound freight costs 24 billion dong a year against sales of 950 billion dong.
Easy to get wrong
Outbound transport does not start when the truck pulls away. The clock starts when the truck enters the dock, so waiting to load is still a transport cost.
02Road transportVận tải đường bộ
Definition
Moving goods by truck over the road network, which carries most domestic delivery volume.
Examples
- The plant to eastern distributor lane runs 120 km, a 20 pallet truck takes 3 hours, and the rate is 3.2 million dong.
- Of the 372 pallets shipped daily, 340 go by road and 32 go by coastal vessel to the north.
Easy to get wrong
Road is faster but not automatically cheaper. On the 1,700 km northern lane road costs 28 million dong a truck against 16 million dong by sea.
03Coastal shippingVận tải ven biển
Definition
Moving goods on vessels that run between domestic ports along the coast, mainly on long lanes.
Examples
- A 40 foot container of 20 pallets runs from the southern port to Hai Phong in 5 days at 16 million dong.
- Against road at 28 million dong and 2 days, sea saves 12 million dong and adds 3 days.
Easy to get wrong
Cheaper on the freight invoice is not cheaper overall. Three extra days force the northern lane to hold another 96 pallets of stock to avoid running out.
04Full truckloadXe nguyên chuyến
Definition
Hiring a whole vehicle for one consignment that runs straight from pick up to delivery.
Examples
- A 20 pallet order to the east goes as a full truckload at 3.2 million dong, or 160 thousand dong a pallet.
- There are 14 full truckloads a day carrying 280 of the 372 pallets.
Easy to get wrong
A full truckload is priced by the trip, not by the pallets actually loaded. A truck holding only 15 pallets still costs 3.2 million dong, lifting the pallet rate to 213 thousand dong.
05Less than truckloadXe ghép hàng
Definition
Combining several orders or shippers on one vehicle and charging for the space each one uses.
Examples
- 8 shared loads a day carry 92 pallets for 28 small orders, about 3.3 pallets an order.
- The shared rate is 240 thousand dong a pallet against 160 thousand dong on a full truckload.
Easy to get wrong
A higher rate per pallet does not make shared loading more expensive. A 4 pallet order costs 3.2 million dong as a full truck but only 960 thousand dong shared.
06Own fleetĐội xe tự có
Definition
Vehicles the company owns and runs itself, including trucks, drivers and a dispatch team.
Examples
- A fleet of 6 trucks of 20 pallets covers the lanes near the plant at 62 million dong per truck per month.
- Each truck runs 22 days and 2 trips a day, so 44 trips, or 1.4 million dong a trip.
Easy to get wrong
Cost per trip on an own fleet is only low when the trucks stay busy. At 30 trips a month it rises to 2.1 million dong a trip, above the market rate.
07Third party carrierNhà vận tải thuê ngoài
Definition
An outside company that hauls the goods under contract and bills by rate card or by trip.
Examples
- The company holds contracts with 3 carriers and the largest runs 60 percent of the trips.
- The contract requires the carrier to accept all 22 trips a day when given 12 hours notice.
Easy to get wrong
Outsourcing moves the driving, not the duty to the customer. A late delivery still counts against the company on time figure, not the carrier one.
08Loading dockCửa xuất hàng
Definition
The door linking outbound staging to the trailer, where pallets pass from the warehouse onto the vehicle.
Examples
- The warehouse has 6 dock doors handling 4 trucks each per day, enough for the current 22 trips.
- The dock floor sits 1.2 metres high to match the bed of a 20 pallet truck.
Easy to get wrong
The number of doors does not set dispatch capacity. An open door with no forklift moves nothing, and real capacity sits at the tightest of doors, forklifts and people.
09Dock appointmentHẹn giờ cửa xuất
Definition
Assigning each vehicle a booked slot at the dock so trucks do not all arrive at once.
Examples
- 22 daily trips are split into 11 slots of 45 minutes with 2 trucks each.
- A truck arriving 30 minutes early still waits for its own slot.
Easy to get wrong
Appointments do not raise how many trucks the site can load in a day. They spread arrivals across the hours to cut waiting time and detention charges.
10Load planSơ đồ xếp xe
Definition
A drawing or list showing which pallet goes where in the trailer and in what order.
Examples
- A 6 drop load is built in reverse, so the first drop sits nearest the doors.
- The plan splits the trailer into 10 rows of 2 pallets, 20 pallets in total.
Easy to get wrong
A load plan is about more than fitting the goods in. Loading out of drop order forces the driver to unload and restack at each stop, adding about 20 minutes each time.
11LoadingXếp hàng lên xe
Definition
Moving pallets from staging into the trailer against the load plan, counting them as they go.
Examples
- One forklift loads 20 pallets in 45 minutes, about 2.25 minutes a pallet.
- The checker scans every pallet barcode, adding 3 seconds per pallet.
Easy to get wrong
Loading is more than putting pallets in the trailer. The count has to be scanned and closed before the doors shut, because once the truck leaves there is no way to prove what was on board.
12Payload limitTải trọng cho phép
Definition
The maximum weight of goods a vehicle may carry under its registration and road rules.
Examples
- A 20 pallet truck has a 15 tonne payload limit, and at 625 kg a pallet the load weighs 12.5 tonnes.
- Adding 5 pallets to make 25 lifts the load to 15.6 tonnes, 600 kg over the limit.
Easy to get wrong
Free space in the trailer does not mean free payload. Dense goods such as bottled drinks hit the weight limit before they hit the volume limit.
13Load fill rateHệ số lấp đầy xe
Definition
How much of a vehicle capacity is actually used, measured in pallets or in weight.
Examples
- Trucks average 17 of 20 pallets, a fill rate of 85 percent against a 90 percent target.
- Lifting fill from 85 to 90 percent removes about 1 trip a day and saves 3.2 million dong.
Easy to get wrong
A high fill rate can still mislead if the base is wrong. A truck with all 20 pallets where each pallet holds 30 of 48 cases has only moved the empty space from the trailer onto the pallet.
14Load securingChằng buộc hàng
Definition
Using straps, bars and dunnage to keep pallets from moving during the journey.
Examples
- A 20 pallet load uses 4 straps, one every 5 pallets, tensioned in 6 minutes.
- Air bags fill any gap wider than 10 centimetres between pallet rows.
Easy to get wrong
Stretch wrap does not replace straps. Wrap holds the cases to each other, while straps stop the whole pallet sliding when the truck brakes hard.
15Transport dispatchingĐiều độ vận tải
Definition
Grouping orders into trips, assigning vehicles and calling them in at the right dock slot.
Examples
- Dispatch locks tomorrow list of 22 trips at 16:00 and gives the carrier 12 hours notice.
- One dispatcher handles 42 orders a day, about 11 minutes per trip.
Easy to get wrong
Dispatching is not calling a truck once picking is done. Trips have to be fixed before picking starts, because the pick sequence follows the truck times, not the other way round.
16Route planningLập tuyến giao hàng
Definition
Ordering the delivery points into a journey that keeps total distance and time as low as possible.
Examples
- 42 daily orders are grouped into 22 trips, about 1.9 orders a trip.
- The routing tool runs in 12 minutes against 90 minutes by hand and cuts distance by 6 percent.
Easy to get wrong
The shortest route is not always the cheapest. A route through 3 points with overlapping time windows forces the truck to wait, and that waiting is money too.
17Multi drop deliveryGiao nhiều điểm
Definition
One trip serving several customers in a set sequence of stops along the route.
Examples
- A shared load serves 6 stops at 30 minutes each, 3 hours standing plus 2 hours driving.
- A trip cost of 3.6 million dong over 6 stops is 600 thousand dong a stop.
Easy to get wrong
An extra stop adds more than distance. Each stop adds about 30 minutes standing time and one more chance of an error at handover.
18Delivery time windowCửa sổ thời gian giao
Definition
The hours the receiving point agrees to accept goods, outside which it will not unload.
Examples
- A supermarket receives only from 06:00 to 10:00, a 4 hour window.
- A truck arriving at 10:20 is turned away and rebooked 2 days later.
Easy to get wrong
Arriving early is not safer than arriving on time. Many sites will not admit a truck before the window opens, and the truck waits outside on detention.
19Vehicle turnaroundQuay đầu xe
Definition
The total time from a vehicle entering the gate to leaving it after loading or unloading.
Examples
- The site target is 90 minutes, made up of 30 waiting, 45 loading and 15 on paperwork.
- The actual average is 120 minutes, and the extra 30 minutes costs about 4 trips a day across the fleet.
Easy to get wrong
Slow turnaround is not always the loading team. Inside 120 minutes only 45 are loading, and the rest sits in waiting and paperwork.
20BackhaulGom hàng chiều về
Definition
Finding freight for the return leg so the vehicle does not run back empty.
Examples
- After delivering in the east a truck carries 18 pallets of empty cartons back, cutting the return rate by 15 percent.
- Of 22 daily trips, 6 carry a backhaul, or 27 percent.
Easy to get wrong
A backhaul only pays if it does not delay the next trip. Waiting 3 hours to fill the return and losing a morning dock slot costs more than it saves.
21Cross dockKho trung chuyển
Definition
A stop along the route where freight from large vehicles is split onto smaller ones and moves on the same day.
Examples
- The central cross dock takes 60 pallets a day off 3 large trucks and splits them onto 9 small ones in 4 hours.
- Stock may not sit there beyond 24 hours and the actual average is 6 hours.
Easy to get wrong
A cross dock is not a small warehouse. Once stock stays past a day the site becomes storage, with counting and holding cost but without the racking.
22Freight rateCước vận chuyển
Definition
The amount paid to a carrier to move a consignment on a lane, before any surcharges.
Examples
- The 120 km lane rate for a 20 pallet truck is 3.2 million dong.
- A truck carries goods worth 115.2 million dong at cost, so a 3.2 million dong rate is 2.8 percent of load value.
Easy to get wrong
The rate is not the whole transport cost. Fuel surcharge, detention and damage handling add roughly another 10 percent.
23Lane rate cardBảng giá cước theo chặng
Definition
A table of agreed rates by lane and vehicle type, used to price trips and check invoices.
Examples
- The card covers 12 lanes, from 2.1 million dong for 60 km to 28 million dong for 1,700 km.
- It is reviewed every 6 months and the last review raised 5 lanes by 4 percent.
Easy to get wrong
A rate card does not protect the budget by itself. Any lane missing from the card is quoted trip by trip, usually 15 to 20 percent higher.
24Fuel surchargePhụ phí nhiên liệu
Definition
An amount added to the rate when diesel rises above the base price set in the contract.
Examples
- The base is 20 thousand dong a litre and every 1 thousand dong above it adds 1.5 percent to the rate.
- Diesel at 23 thousand dong lifts the 120 km rate from 3.2 million to about 3.34 million dong.
Easy to get wrong
A fuel clause has to work both ways. A contract with only an upward clause leaves the rate unchanged when diesel falls back.
25Detention chargePhí chờ đợi
Definition
Money paid to a carrier when a vehicle waits beyond the free time set in the contract.
Examples
- The contract allows 2 free hours and then charges 250 thousand dong an hour.
- Last month the company paid 9.5 million dong for 38 chargeable hours.
Easy to get wrong
Detention is not an unfair carrier penalty. It puts a price on standing time, and the figure points straight at congestion at the dock or the customer door.
26Cost per palletChi phí trên một pallet
Definition
Total transport cost divided by pallets delivered, used to compare lanes and carriers.
Examples
- 24 billion dong over about 116 thousand pallets a year is 207 thousand dong a pallet.
- The short lane runs at 160 thousand dong a pallet and the northern lane at 800 thousand dong.
Easy to get wrong
Cost per pallet does not compare across lanes of different length. It only means something across months on one lane, or between two carriers on the same lane.
27Cost per dropChi phí trên một điểm giao
Definition
Trip cost divided by the number of stops, used to judge routes with many small deliveries.
Examples
- A 3.6 million dong trip over 6 stops is 600 thousand dong a stop.
- A stop taking 1 pallet costs 600 thousand dong, close to 4 times the 160 thousand dong of a full truckload lane.
Easy to get wrong
A high cost per drop is not a reason to cut the stop. It has to be set against what that stop sells, since a small point already on the route can still pay.
28Freight cost to salesTỷ lệ chi phí vận chuyển trên doanh thu
Definition
Transport cost divided by sales in the same period, shown as a percentage.
Examples
- 24 billion dong of freight on 950 billion dong of sales is 2.5 percent.
- Cutting it to 2.3 percent is worth about 2.2 billion dong a year.
Easy to get wrong
A falling ratio does not prove transport improved. A 10 percent price rise pulls the ratio down on its own while cost per pallet stays flat.
29Trip dispatch orderLệnh điều xe
Definition
The internal job sheet for one trip, listing the vehicle, driver, stops and departure time.
Examples
- Dispatch issues 22 trip orders a day, each covering about 1.9 customer orders.
- Order 5142 lists 6 stops, departure at 05:15 and expected return at 14:00.
Easy to get wrong
A trip order does not replace the consignment note. The trip order assigns work to a driver, while the consignment note records that the goods were accepted for carriage.
30Consignment noteVận đơn
Definition
A document signed by shipper and carrier confirming the goods were accepted for carriage, with the quantity stated.
Examples
- The note is issued in 3 copies for warehouse, carrier and customer, showing 20 pallets and a 6 digit seal number.
- The driver signs for all 20 pallets before the truck leaves the dock at 05:15.
Easy to get wrong
A consignment note is not a copy of the goods issue note. The issue note records stock leaving inventory, while the consignment note records custody passing to the carrier.
31Delivery notePhiếu giao hàng
Definition
The paperwork travelling with the goods to each stop, listing codes, quantities and lots for the customer to check.
Examples
- A 6 stop trip carries 6 delivery notes, each with about 4 lines.
- One note shows 3 product codes, 4 lot numbers and 20 pallets for the eastern distributor.
Easy to get wrong
The delivery note has to match what is actually on the truck, not the original order. If one pallet is short and the note still prints the ordered quantity, the customer signs for the wrong figure.
32Transit documentsChứng từ đi đường
Definition
The set of papers that must travel with the goods to prove their origin if the vehicle is stopped and checked.
Examples
- The set has 3 papers, the invoice, the delivery note and the consignment note.
- A missing paper can hold the truck, and every hour held delays the trip and adds 250 thousand dong of detention.
Easy to get wrong
Photos of the paperwork sent by phone do not replace the set on board. A roadside check needs the signed and stamped copies travelling with the goods.
33Load sealNiêm phong xe
Definition
A single use lock fitted to the trailer doors after loading, carrying a unique number written on the consignment note.
Examples
- Seals carry a 6 digit number, cost 12 thousand dong each and are used on all 22 daily trips.
- The customer checks the seal number before the doors open, which takes about 1 minute.
Easy to get wrong
An intact seal does not prove the load is complete. It proves only that the doors stayed shut since loading, so the count still has to be scanned and closed before the seal goes on.
34Proof of deliveryBiên bản giao nhận
Definition
A signed record from the receiver confirming the quantity and condition accepted at the delivery point.
Examples
- Drivers photograph the signed copy and return it within 24 hours, and 92 percent arrive on time.
- The form carries 5 fields, including arrival time, pallets received and a condition note.
Easy to get wrong
A signature from the gate guard is not proof of delivery. Only the person authorised to count and accept can sign, otherwise a shortage claim has nothing to stand on.
35Damage and shortage reportBiên bản hàng hỏng thiếu
Definition
A form raised at the delivery point when goods arrive damaged or short, stating quantities and signed by both sides.
Examples
- Last month brought 26 reports covering 190 cases at 120 thousand dong cost each, about 23 million dong.
- The report must be raised before the truck leaves the site, with 2 photographs attached.
Easy to get wrong
A claim raised after the truck has left is hard to win. The carrier will argue the damage happened after handover, so the report has to be written on the spot.
36Cold chainChuỗi lạnh
Definition
The unbroken sequence of steps that keeps goods inside the required temperature range from the chilled store to the customer.
Examples
- The drinking yoghurt range must stay between 2 and 6 degrees C across 4 hours of transport.
- There are 3 chilled trips a day carrying 24 pallets, 6.5 percent of the 372 pallets shipped.
Easy to get wrong
A cold chain breaks at its weakest link, not on average. A truck holding 2 to 6 degrees C for 4 hours still counts as broken if the goods sit 40 minutes in the sun at the delivery point.
37Refrigerated vehicleXe lạnh
Definition
A vehicle with an insulated body and a cooling unit that holds a set temperature throughout the journey.
Examples
- An 8 pallet reefer is set to 4 degrees C and costs 35 percent more than a dry truck.
- The cooling unit burns about 3 extra litres of diesel an hour.
Easy to get wrong
The unit is built to hold temperature, not to pull it down. Goods loaded at 12 degrees C will not reach 4 degrees C in a 4 hour run even at full output.
38Pre coolingHạ nhiệt trước khi xếp
Definition
Chilling the empty trailer down to the required temperature before any goods are loaded.
Examples
- The unit runs 30 minutes to bring the body to 4 degrees C before 8 pallets go in.
- Skipping the step lets product temperature rise about 3 degrees C in the first 20 minutes of the run.
Easy to get wrong
Pre cooling is not switching the unit on with the doors open while waiting. The doors have to stay shut, otherwise the unit is only cooling the yard.
39Temperature loggerThiết bị ghi nhiệt độ
Definition
A device placed inside the trailer that records temperature at set intervals for review after the trip.
Examples
- The logger records every 15 minutes, giving 96 readings in 24 hours.
- Each reefer carries 2 loggers, one near the doors and one at the front of the body.
Easy to get wrong
A single logger next to the cooling unit reads better than reality. The warmest point is usually near the doors, so both places have to be measured.
40Temperature excursionSự cố lệch nhiệt
Definition
A period where temperature moves outside the required range for long enough to trigger a quality review of the load.
Examples
- The rule counts an excursion when temperature stays above 8 degrees C for more than 30 minutes.
- Last quarter had 4 excursions across 234 chilled trips, or 1.7 percent.
Easy to get wrong
An excursion does not automatically mean the stock is scrapped. The data goes to quality for assessment, and the lot is only put on hold when the breach passes the agreed limit.
41On time deliveryGiao đúng hạn
Definition
The share of orders arriving at the customer inside the agreed time window.
Examples
- Of 1,092 orders in a month, 1,027 arrive on time, a rate of 94 percent.
- 65 orders run late in the month and 28 of them trace back to slow turnaround at the warehouse.
Easy to get wrong
On time is measured against the promise to the customer, not the departure time. A truck that leaves on schedule but arrives outside the window is still late.
42Delivery in fullGiao đủ hàng
Definition
The share of orders delivered at the confirmed quantity with no line short.
Examples
- 1,048 of 1,092 orders go out in full, a rate of 96 percent.
- 44 orders fall short in the month, averaging 2.4 pallets missing each.
Easy to get wrong
In full is counted by order, not by pallet. An order of 20 pallets delivered as 19 counts as short even though 95 percent of the volume arrived.
43On time in fullGiao đúng hạn và đủ hàng
Definition
The share of orders that both arrive inside the window and carry the full quantity, counted only when both hold.
Examples
- 993 of 1,092 orders meet both tests, a rate of 91 percent.
- 99 orders fail, made up of 65 late and 44 short, with 10 that were both.
Easy to get wrong
This is not the average of on time and in full. It always sits at or below the lower of the two.
44Delivery rejectionTừ chối nhận hàng
Definition
The receiving point refusing part or all of a load, so the goods have to return to the warehouse.
Examples
- 13 orders were rejected in a month out of 1,092, a rate of 1.2 percent.
- Each rejection costs about 1.8 million dong to bring back, or 23.4 million dong for the month.
Easy to get wrong
Not every rejection is a transport fault. Stock below the agreed minimum life or the wrong code is a warehouse error, yet the return cost still lands in the transport budget.
45In transit lossTổn thất hàng trên đường
Definition
Goods damaged, broken or lost while in transport, counted in cases and at cost value.
Examples
- 190 cases were damaged in a month against 464 thousand cases delivered, a rate of 0.04 percent.
- At 120 thousand dong a case that is about 23 million dong a month.
Easy to get wrong
A rate of 0.04 percent sounds small but has to be read by cause. If 120 of the 190 cases come from one lane, the problem is the securing or the road surface there, not general risk.